Bedford St. Martin's chapter nine "reviewing the text"
How did George Washington go about making appointments to government posts when he became president?
-->The new Congress set up departments of war, treasury, and state but left Washington to choose men to preside over these and other administrative positions. Because he, like many politicians of the time, distrusted political partisanship, he picked talented and experienced individuals for the posts, even though they were separated by deep philosophical differences. As a result, his cabinet represented a variety of opinions. For example, Alexander Hamilton, a moving force behind the Constitution, was his secretary of the treasury, while he selected Edmund Randolph, an Antifederalist, as his attorney general.
What important right did the Bill of Rights omit, and why?
-->The Bill of Rights neglected to include the right to vote, which was not seen as a fundamental liberty requiring government protection until much later. In fact, the 1788 Constitution deliberately allowed the states to define voters to promote stability in the new federal government. States used different criteria to exclude some classes of voters. As a result, any uniform federal voting law could exclude people who already were able to vote in state elections or include new voters that a given state deemed undesirable. Most states maintained property qualifications for voting, which made slaves, servants, apprentices, tenants, wives, and wage earners who did not own property ineligible.
What impact did republican ideals of motherhood have on women's position in society in the 1790s?
-->Republican ideals centered on the importance of mothers as the teachers of virtuous sons. This had the effect of legitimizing female education, which was still a controversial notion, in the name of guaranteeing a well-educated and moral future male citizenry. Republican motherhood thus gave women's domestic obligations a political meaning. It did not, however, overturn traditional gender relations. Women's role in the state was still filtered through the family, and their education was presented as a form of subordination to family needs.
How did a surge of road building help propel economic prosperity?
-->Road building stimulated economic prosperity by making overland transport of goods possible. Before 1790, only one continuous improved road existed in the United States. During the next ten years, a network of dirt, gravel, and plank roadways connected the cities and towns of New England and the Middle Atlantic states. Although it cost more to ship goods by land than by water, by 1800 it was at least possible to carry goods between places not otherwise connected by water routes.
How did Hamilton envision the workings of the Bank of the United States, and what did he hope it would contribute to the nation's welfare?
-->Hamilton modeled the Bank of the United States on the Bank of England, which was a private bank serving the public interest. He wanted the federal government to purchase 20 percent of the bank's stock, with the bank then acting as the government's fiscal agent. The bank would hold and handle government revenues from import duties, land sales, and the whiskey excise tax. The other 80 percent of the stock would be sold to private investors. Hamilton believed that the bank would help stabilize the economy by exerting control over credit, interest rates, and the value of currency.
What immediate issues sparked the outbreak of the Whiskey Rebellion, and what larger issues did it represent?
-->The immediate motivation for the Whiskey Rebellion was Hamilton's deeply unpopular 25 percent excise tax on distilled whiskey, a tax that was very high and had to be paid up front at the distillery by perpetually cash-poor grain farmers. Farmers generally responded by simply evading the law, but in western Pennsylvania an enthusiastic tax collector produced a violent revolt that President Washington responded to with force. In an underlying sense, the Whiskey Rebellion was about what citizens can do when they think a law is unjust and how the government can respond. To many people, the whiskey rebels unlawfully were rejecting the will of the people as expressed through Congress. The rebels, however, believed that they were entitled to protest and demonstrate against oppressive taxes.
What happened at the Battle of Fallen Timbers? What were its long-term effects on the confederated Indians who fought there?
-->The confederated Indians of the Ohio Territory suffered a major defeat at Fallen Timbers, where they were dispatched by General Anthony Wayne's troops in a little over an hour. The loss, combined with the American practice of destroying cornfields and villages, forced the Indians into negotiations that culminated in the Treaty of Greenville. Given their weak bargaining position, the treaty was highly disadvantageous for them. The Indians ceded most of Ohio to the Americans; in return they received $25,000 of treaty goods up front, with additional shipments each year. The American government hoped to create an Indian dependence on American goods and successfully created a severe alcohol problem by fulfilling the annual allowance with liquor.
Why was the outbreak of the French Revolution problematic for the United States?
-->Many Americans were enthusiastic about the French Revolution, which initially bore ideological similarities to the American Revolution. For the federal government, however, the Revolution created delicate political problems when France and England went to war. France helped the United States during its war against Great Britain, and the confederated government signed an alliance in 1778 promising to help France if it were ever under attack. Pro-French Americans wanted to deliver on that promise, but pro-British Americans were upset about the wave of French executions and often had commercial ties to England as well. Washington tried to steer a safe course by issuing the Neutrality Proclamation, assuring both sides of the United States' good intentions toward them.
What made the Jay Treaty so unpopular with the American public?
-->John Jay was dispatched to England because the British were seizing neutral American merchant ships trading with the French West Indies. The United States saw these seizures as a strong bargaining chip, one that could be used to force concessions from the British on compensation for the ships and, perhaps, on the matter of Britain paying for escaped slaves during the Revolution and the evacuation of western forts. Jay, however, returned to the United States with a treaty that made no provision for the lost ships or slaves, and that gave the British another eighteen months to withdraw from their western forts, while guaranteeing their continued access to the fur trade. In exchange, Jay got some favorable commercial agreements, which were of value only to a handful of merchants in the overseas trade.
How were the rivals John Adams and Thomas Jefferson elected president and vice president in 1796?
-->The election of both Adams and Jefferson was a result of the failure of the Constitution to anticipate parties and tickets. Until the passage of the Twelfth Amendment in 1804, the electoral college voter could cast two votes, both for president, on a single ballot. The top vote-getter became the president, and the next highest won the vice presidency. In 1796, Alexander Hamilton tried to influence the electors to support Thomas Pinckney, Adams's unofficial running mate. His plan backfired, with Adams winning the largest number of votes, and his rival, Thomas Jefferson, coming in second.
What was the XYZ affair? What events caused it?
-->France was deeply upset about the Jay Treaty, which seemed to make the United States into a British satellite and retaliated by abandoning the 1778 alliance and allowing armed private vessels to seize American ships carrying British goods. Despite Federalist desires to go to war, John Adams, the newly elected president, sent a three-man commission to France to negotiate a treaty. First, French officials refused to receive the commissioners. Then Talleyrand, the French minister of foreign affairs, sent three agents, known to the American public as X, Y, and Z, to suggest that a $250,000 bribe might be in order and that a $12 million loan would secure a peace treaty. The horrified commissioners refused and returned to an angered United States.
How did the Quasi-War lead to the Alien and Sedition Acts?
-->Although the United States launched twenty naval warships into the Caribbean in 1798 in response to French attacks on American ships and the XYZ affair, war was never declared officially. If it had been, John Adams and the Federalists could have clamped down on mounting internal dissent by subjecting their opponents to treason laws. Thus Congress passed the Sedition Act, which made it illegal for people to engage in conspiracies against the government or falsely criticize it—only there was disagreement over what made criticism false, of course. The Alien Acts extended the waiting period for naturalization and allowed the president to deport without trial any foreigner suspected of being a danger to the United States. These laws were used primarily to harass French immigrants already in the United States and to discourage others from coming to the United States.
_
_Test #1:
1 of 16
When President George Washington picked heads for the departments of war, treasury, and state, he chose
a. his supporters.
b. only Federalists.
c. only men who shared his philosophical views.
d. talented and experienced individuals.
2 of 16
For attorney general, President George Washington picked Edmund Randolph, a Virginian who had
a. been an Antifederalist.
b. refused to attend the Constitutional Convention.
c. neither.
d. both.
3 of 16
Vice President John Adams's job was to
a. coordinate the different departments.
b. participate in legislative debates.
c. preside over the Senate.
d. preside over the House of Representatives.
4 of 16
Throughout the 1790s, the proponents of 'republican motherhood' legitimized women's right to
a. vote
b. receive an education
c. hold a political office
d. bear arms
5 of 16
President Washington sent John Jay to England to accomplish all of the following, except
a. negotiate reimbursement for Southern planters' slaves
b. convince England to vacate western forts in the United States
c. convince England to accept the terms of the Neutrality Proclamation
d. negotiate commercial relations in the British West Indies
6 of 16
The effect of Alexander Hamilton's "plan for the public debt" was to
a. call for the federal government to assume state debts.
b. consolidate federal power over the states.
c. add $25 million to the federal debt.
d. all of the above.
7 of 16
Alexander Hamilton's unsuccessful Report on Manufactures was designed to encourage
a. people to purchase European goods.
b. cottage industries in people's homes.
c. the production of American-made goods.
d. greater agricultural output.
8 of 16
When Alexander Hamilton realized that the revenue yield from his newly enacted whiskey excise tax was far less than anticipated, he
a. tightened up prosecution of tax evaders.
b. abandoned the law.
c. modified the law.
d. imposed martial law.
9 of 16
After the Treaty of Paris, British Indian agents in southern Ohio assured the Shawnee and the Delaware Indians that
a. Indians had the right to occupy land over the claims of American settlers.
b. the British maintained political control over the area.
c. the British had not given the area to the American government.
d. Americans would not want to move into the territory.
10 of 16
In the face of the strong desire of settlers to move westward, General Arthur St. Clair's mission was to
a. displace Indians to allow permanent American settlement in Ohio.
b. displace British Indian agents in Ohio.
c. convert the Indians in Ohio to Christianity.
d. teach Indians and American settlers in Ohio how to coexist.
11 of 16
The immediate catalyst for the revolution in Saint Domingue was the
a. Whiskey Rebellion.
b. French Revolution.
c. American Revolution.
d. Jay Treaty.
12 of 16
The Haitian Revolution sparked
a. American fears of a slave rebellion.
b. American slave rebellions.
c. black conspiracies in the United States.
d. a strong civil rights movement in the United States.
13 of 16
By the time of the election of 1796, a party contest emerged around the issue of
a. slavery.
b. support for either France or England.
c. the national debt.
d. industrialization.
14 of 16
Until the adoption of the Twelfth Amendment in 1804, the vice president was
a. chosen by voters.
b. picked by the president.
c. the second highest vote-getter in the electoral college.
d. appointed by caucus.
15 of 16
Alexander Hamilton exercised a great deal of influence in John Adams's administration because he
a. was appointed secretary of the treasury.
b. was appointed secretary of state.
c. and Adams were political allies.
d. had influence over all three of Adams's cabinet members.
16 of 16
France responded to the Jay Treaty by
a. accepting it graciously.
b. attempting to work with pro-French elements in the American government.
c. seizing American ships carrying British goods.
d. declaring war on the United States.
Test #2
1 of 16
Delegates at the 1787 Philadelphia convention neglected to include a bill of rights on the grounds that
a. the government would never become despotic.
b. individual rights were not important.
c. many states already protected individual rights.
d. they did not have the time to write one.
2 of 16
One important omission in the Bill of Rights was the failure to include the right to
a. freedom of speech.
b. peaceable assembly.
c. freedom of press.
d. vote.
3 of 16
According to writers in the 1790s, American women contributed to the nation's political liberty by
a. upholding public virtue.
b. voting sensibly.
c. dutifully obeying their husbands and rulers.
d. remaining ignorant.
4 of 16
Proponents of the 1790s model of womanhood based on republican ideals helped to legitimize female
a. political participation.
b. education.
c. equality.
d. employment.
5 of 16
Between 1792 and 1800, cotton production in the South increased from 138,228 pounds to 35 million pounds due to
a. an increase in the number of slaves to clean the cotton.
b. a new variety of cotton that grew faster.
c. improved farming technology.
d. the invention of a machine to separate the seeds from the fiber.
6 of 16
To meet the interest payments on his proposed $77 million national debt, Alexander Hamilton convinced Congress to
a. tax distilled whiskey.
b. raise import duties.
c. tax wine and beer.
d. impose a stamp tax.
7 of 16
James Madison and other national leaders objected to Alexander Hamilton's financial plan because it would
a. profit speculators and encourage spendthrift behavior.
b. profit speculators and lead to high taxation.
c. lead to high taxation and encourage spendthrift behavior.
d. encourage spendthrift behavior and corrupt the legislature.
8 of 16
Alexander Hamilton intended for the Bank of America to be a
a. windfall for the wealthy.
b. public bank.
c. way to bribe legislators.
d. private bank that worked primarily for the public good.
9 of 16
The 1795 Treaty of Greenville caused widespread misery among Indians because the American government
a. never observed its obligations under the treaty.
b. often paid its annual allowance in liquor.
c. took the entire Ohio Territory.
d. introduced guns to the Indian tribes in the region.
10 of 16
Many Americans reacted positively to the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 because
a. it overthrew the Catholic Church.
b. France almost immediately attacked England.
c. it overthrew monarchy and privilege in the name of republicanism.
d. it was so much more radical than the American Revolution.
11 of 16
The British government expressed its displeasure with President George Washington's interpretation of neutrality by
a. declaring war.
b. ignoring the situation.
c. capturing merchant ships near France.
d. capturing merchant ships near the West Indies.
12 of 16
John Jay negotiated a treaty with England that was unpopular because
a. it made no provision for reimbursement for captured ships or lost slaves.
b. it granted the British eighteen months to withdraw from their western forts.
c. it called for the repayment of debts Americans owed to the British.
d. all of the above.
13 of 16
The XYZ affair involved a
a. British attempt to bribe American officials in treaty negotiations.
b. French refusal to recognize the American minister to France.
c. French attempt to bribe American officials treaty negotiations.
d. rebellion in Haiti.
14 of 16
Republicans feared that Federalists wanted to build up the army during the Quasi-War to
a. enter a European war.
b. take more Indian land.
c. threaten domestic dissenters.
d. go after tax evaders.
15 of 16
The Sedition Act
a. extended the waiting period for naturalization.
b. set punishments for anyone convicted of falsely criticizing the government.
c. required aliens to register with the federal government.
d. empowered the president to deport foreigners.
16 of 16
The two Alien Acts passed by Congress in 1798 were intended to
a. harass French immigrants who were already in the United States.
b. encourage British immigrants from leaving the United States.
c. make it easier to deport native-born American citizens.
d. strengthen immigrants' rights.
1 of 16
When President George Washington picked heads for the departments of war, treasury, and state, he chose
a. his supporters.
b. only Federalists.
c. only men who shared his philosophical views.
d. talented and experienced individuals.
2 of 16
For attorney general, President George Washington picked Edmund Randolph, a Virginian who had
a. been an Antifederalist.
b. refused to attend the Constitutional Convention.
c. neither.
d. both.
3 of 16
Vice President John Adams's job was to
a. coordinate the different departments.
b. participate in legislative debates.
c. preside over the Senate.
d. preside over the House of Representatives.
4 of 16
Throughout the 1790s, the proponents of 'republican motherhood' legitimized women's right to
a. vote
b. receive an education
c. hold a political office
d. bear arms
5 of 16
President Washington sent John Jay to England to accomplish all of the following, except
a. negotiate reimbursement for Southern planters' slaves
b. convince England to vacate western forts in the United States
c. convince England to accept the terms of the Neutrality Proclamation
d. negotiate commercial relations in the British West Indies
6 of 16
The effect of Alexander Hamilton's "plan for the public debt" was to
a. call for the federal government to assume state debts.
b. consolidate federal power over the states.
c. add $25 million to the federal debt.
d. all of the above.
7 of 16
Alexander Hamilton's unsuccessful Report on Manufactures was designed to encourage
a. people to purchase European goods.
b. cottage industries in people's homes.
c. the production of American-made goods.
d. greater agricultural output.
8 of 16
When Alexander Hamilton realized that the revenue yield from his newly enacted whiskey excise tax was far less than anticipated, he
a. tightened up prosecution of tax evaders.
b. abandoned the law.
c. modified the law.
d. imposed martial law.
9 of 16
After the Treaty of Paris, British Indian agents in southern Ohio assured the Shawnee and the Delaware Indians that
a. Indians had the right to occupy land over the claims of American settlers.
b. the British maintained political control over the area.
c. the British had not given the area to the American government.
d. Americans would not want to move into the territory.
10 of 16
In the face of the strong desire of settlers to move westward, General Arthur St. Clair's mission was to
a. displace Indians to allow permanent American settlement in Ohio.
b. displace British Indian agents in Ohio.
c. convert the Indians in Ohio to Christianity.
d. teach Indians and American settlers in Ohio how to coexist.
11 of 16
The immediate catalyst for the revolution in Saint Domingue was the
a. Whiskey Rebellion.
b. French Revolution.
c. American Revolution.
d. Jay Treaty.
12 of 16
The Haitian Revolution sparked
a. American fears of a slave rebellion.
b. American slave rebellions.
c. black conspiracies in the United States.
d. a strong civil rights movement in the United States.
13 of 16
By the time of the election of 1796, a party contest emerged around the issue of
a. slavery.
b. support for either France or England.
c. the national debt.
d. industrialization.
14 of 16
Until the adoption of the Twelfth Amendment in 1804, the vice president was
a. chosen by voters.
b. picked by the president.
c. the second highest vote-getter in the electoral college.
d. appointed by caucus.
15 of 16
Alexander Hamilton exercised a great deal of influence in John Adams's administration because he
a. was appointed secretary of the treasury.
b. was appointed secretary of state.
c. and Adams were political allies.
d. had influence over all three of Adams's cabinet members.
16 of 16
France responded to the Jay Treaty by
a. accepting it graciously.
b. attempting to work with pro-French elements in the American government.
c. seizing American ships carrying British goods.
d. declaring war on the United States.
Test #2
1 of 16
Delegates at the 1787 Philadelphia convention neglected to include a bill of rights on the grounds that
a. the government would never become despotic.
b. individual rights were not important.
c. many states already protected individual rights.
d. they did not have the time to write one.
2 of 16
One important omission in the Bill of Rights was the failure to include the right to
a. freedom of speech.
b. peaceable assembly.
c. freedom of press.
d. vote.
3 of 16
According to writers in the 1790s, American women contributed to the nation's political liberty by
a. upholding public virtue.
b. voting sensibly.
c. dutifully obeying their husbands and rulers.
d. remaining ignorant.
4 of 16
Proponents of the 1790s model of womanhood based on republican ideals helped to legitimize female
a. political participation.
b. education.
c. equality.
d. employment.
5 of 16
Between 1792 and 1800, cotton production in the South increased from 138,228 pounds to 35 million pounds due to
a. an increase in the number of slaves to clean the cotton.
b. a new variety of cotton that grew faster.
c. improved farming technology.
d. the invention of a machine to separate the seeds from the fiber.
6 of 16
To meet the interest payments on his proposed $77 million national debt, Alexander Hamilton convinced Congress to
a. tax distilled whiskey.
b. raise import duties.
c. tax wine and beer.
d. impose a stamp tax.
7 of 16
James Madison and other national leaders objected to Alexander Hamilton's financial plan because it would
a. profit speculators and encourage spendthrift behavior.
b. profit speculators and lead to high taxation.
c. lead to high taxation and encourage spendthrift behavior.
d. encourage spendthrift behavior and corrupt the legislature.
8 of 16
Alexander Hamilton intended for the Bank of America to be a
a. windfall for the wealthy.
b. public bank.
c. way to bribe legislators.
d. private bank that worked primarily for the public good.
9 of 16
The 1795 Treaty of Greenville caused widespread misery among Indians because the American government
a. never observed its obligations under the treaty.
b. often paid its annual allowance in liquor.
c. took the entire Ohio Territory.
d. introduced guns to the Indian tribes in the region.
10 of 16
Many Americans reacted positively to the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 because
a. it overthrew the Catholic Church.
b. France almost immediately attacked England.
c. it overthrew monarchy and privilege in the name of republicanism.
d. it was so much more radical than the American Revolution.
11 of 16
The British government expressed its displeasure with President George Washington's interpretation of neutrality by
a. declaring war.
b. ignoring the situation.
c. capturing merchant ships near France.
d. capturing merchant ships near the West Indies.
12 of 16
John Jay negotiated a treaty with England that was unpopular because
a. it made no provision for reimbursement for captured ships or lost slaves.
b. it granted the British eighteen months to withdraw from their western forts.
c. it called for the repayment of debts Americans owed to the British.
d. all of the above.
13 of 16
The XYZ affair involved a
a. British attempt to bribe American officials in treaty negotiations.
b. French refusal to recognize the American minister to France.
c. French attempt to bribe American officials treaty negotiations.
d. rebellion in Haiti.
14 of 16
Republicans feared that Federalists wanted to build up the army during the Quasi-War to
a. enter a European war.
b. take more Indian land.
c. threaten domestic dissenters.
d. go after tax evaders.
15 of 16
The Sedition Act
a. extended the waiting period for naturalization.
b. set punishments for anyone convicted of falsely criticizing the government.
c. required aliens to register with the federal government.
d. empowered the president to deport foreigners.
16 of 16
The two Alien Acts passed by Congress in 1798 were intended to
a. harass French immigrants who were already in the United States.
b. encourage British immigrants from leaving the United States.
c. make it easier to deport native-born American citizens.
d. strengthen immigrants' rights.
1. How did improved transportation after 1815 affect the economic, political, and social development of the United States?
Economically, improved transportation helped fuel the market revolution of the 1820s and 1830s by making it faster and cheaper to transport goods and allowing products to be sold to a wider market. New methods of transportation also facilitated the flow of political information through partisan newspapers, which defined political issues and publicized political personalities. The cheapness of travel had an impact on social life as well, allowing men and women from rural communities access to urban areas, where they sought jobs and goods.
2. What caused the Lynn shoebinders' protests of the 1830s? What did the protestors want, what methods did they use, and why weren't they successful?
In the 1830s, shoe entrepreneurs moved to cut shoebinders' wages as a cost-saving measure. Female shoebinders in the town of Lynn, Massachusetts, joined together to protest the cuts, using churches as meeting sites and religious newspapers to spread news. They drew on their collective sense of themselves as women, arguing that men and women should enjoy equal rights. Nonetheless, the women did not achieve the higher wages they wanted. For one thing, isolated shoebinders in other parts of New England continued to accept low wages; for another, even in Lynn, many shoebinders were uncomfortable with organized protest. They saw their work as part of their familial duties and did not like to think of themselves primarily as paid workers.
3. Why did the panic of 1819 occur?
A number of factors contributed to the panic of 1819. In 1818, the second Bank of the United States became concerned about state banks suspending specie payments. It started to call in its loans and insisted that state banks do the same, taking currency out of circulation. Then Europe underwent a financial crisis, and the overseas price of agricultural products dropped. This meant that when banks called in their loans, debtors involved in the commodities trade could not pay. Because of the complex network of credit and debt relationships, nearly everyone connected to the commercial economy was affected: Thousands of Americans lost their savings and property, and hundreds of thousands of people lost their jobs.
4. In what ways was the presidential campaign of 1828 different from previous races?
The 1828 presidential campaign was the first in which popular votes determined the outcome; in twenty-two out of twenty-four states, voters chose electors committed to a particular candidate. Voter turnout was much higher as well, with more than half of the electorate voting. Although presidential candidates did not campaign directly, their supporters responded to the need to woo voters by attending informal picnics and banquets and giving informal, blunt speeches. Newspapers increasingly and blatantly were partisan, defining issues and publicizing personalities to a greater extent than had been possible in the past. For the first time, presidential campaigns were coordinated in the national arena.
5.What was the "character issue" in the campaign of 1828? How did stories about the candidates mold the election?
In 1828, both Adams's and Jackson's supporters deliberately spread scandalous stories about the opposition. Jackson men characterized Adams as an elitist and a snob and played up the "corrupt bargain" with Henry Clay that supposedly catapulted him into office in 1824. Adams men decried Jackson as an illegitimate, immoral, uncontrolled adulterer. The stories became the real issues in the election, largely because voters believed that character issues conveyed larger questions about morality, honor, and discipline and used them to determine what kind of president each candidate would make; they believed that personal behavior would determine political choices.
6.What was Jackson's presidential agenda? How did he differ from previous presidents?
Once he became president, it became clear that Jackson favored a Jeffersonian style of limited federal government because he feared that intervention in the economy provided some groups with unfair advantages. He did not support federal funding for internal improvements or monopolies. As a proponent of western expansion, he believed that land sales would spread political democracy. But Jackson was willing to exercise full presidential powers over Congress, employing the veto twelve times, whereas all previous presidents combined had used the veto a total of only nine times.
7. What ideas about gender relations circulated in the Jacksonian era? How accurately were these cultural prescriptions carried out?
By the 1830s, husbands were expected to gain their status and authority at work, and wives were expected to find their happiness by devoting themselves to home and family. This doctrine, known as separate spheres, allowed people to adjust to the market revolution: Men displayed market values like selfishness and acquisitiveness, while women maintained older, noncommercial values. However, it did not reflect women's reality. While most married women did not work outside of the home, many contributed to household income by taking in boarders or outwork. Free black wives supplemented the family income as domestic servants and laundresses. Even wealthy married women participated in the market when they hired and supervised servants to do their heavy household tasks. Without a doubt, these new gender ideals were geared more toward white middle and upper-class families.
8. How did education change in the 1820s and 1830s?
The market economy demanded a more educated workforce and new ways of training youth. In response, first northern and later southern states adopted public schooling, which produced boys and girls who could read and do basic arithmetic by the age of twelve or fourteen. Because taxpayers were footing the bill for the new schools, many communities turned to young female teachers who could be paid far less than their male counterparts.
9. How did newspapers evolve between the 1790s and the 1830s?
In the 1790s, there were fewer than ninety American newspapers, each printing a few thousand copies per issue. By the 1830s, steam-driven rotary presses with automatic paper feed devices made much larger print runs both possible and economical, a burgeoning postal system carried papers throughout the nation, and rising literacy rates provided an audience. By the 1830s, there were eight hundred papers, and some cheap "penny papers" gained circulations of ten to twenty thousand copies daily.
10. What was the Second Great Awakening? What did it offer adherents?
The Second Great Awakening was an evangelical religious movement that began in Kentucky in 1801 and peaked in the 1830s. Its basic message was that anybody could achieve salvation by eradicating individual sin and accepting faith in God's grace. By lowering the bar for acceptance to salvation, the movement offered immediate access to spiritual peace. Moreover, it gave comfort to people in areas that were affected by the new social ills created by industrialization and commercialization by offering adherents with market ambitions a message of self-discipline in pursuit of spiritual and social perfection. The Second Great Awakening also expanded women's sphere of influence by demanding an active commitment to spiritual outreach.
11. What was the moral reform movement? Why was it controversial?
The moral reform campaign began as a drive by women to improve public morals generally, but it narrowed to a focus on sexual sin, especially prostitution. In 1833, the New York Female Moral Reform Society formed and began to argue that male sexuality was a threat to society; they published their own paper, the Advocate of Moral Reform, which publicized woman-edited, woman-written, and woman-typeset stories and advice about curbing sin. The women involved in the movement felt that they simply were protecting their homes from bad male behavior. Men in the evangelical movement did not agree, feeling that the women had overstepped the bounds of female propriety.
12. How popular was abolition as a cause in the 1830s? Why were northerners hostile to it?
The movement for the abolition of slavery became organized in 1832 and 1833, with antislavery societies forming in Boston, New York, and Philadelphia. The societies used print media and lecturers to spread their message, and by 1837 there were thirteen hundred antislavery societies in the North with a quarter of a million members. While the rate of growth was impressive, it by no means represented a large proportion of the northern population. Most northerners opposed slavery because they felt that it ran counter to the nation's ideals, or they saw it as a rival to the free-labor system. However, they also were antiblack and therefore antiabolition.
13. What was Andrew Jackson's Indian policy? How was it a departure from previous policy?
President Andrew Jackson wanted to force all Indians living east of the Mississippi River to move to lands west of that boundary. Jackson claimed that this policy benefited Indians. Prolonged contact with whites, Jackson argued, destroyed the Indian way of life and put them on the path to extinction. He thought the best way to protect Indians was to remove them from contact with whites. This seemingly noble rationalization for Indian removal thinly disguised the tremendous profits that Indian land seizure provided to the government and to individual white land owners. Jackson's removal policy broke with the efforts of earlier presidents to assimilate Indians into white Christian culture and to treat Indians tribes as sovereign nations. Jackson refused to recognize Indian sovereignty, nor did he approve of assimilation.
14. Why did South Carolina propose the doctrine of nullification? What problem was it intended to remedy?
South Carolinians suffered a great deal from the 1828 Tariff of Abominations, a federal tariff that set conflicting, very high duties and hurt the state's export market. In response to the imposition of the financially injurious federal policy, South Carolinians headed by John C. Calhoun proposed that the Union was a federation of states that had yielded some but not all power to the federal government. When Congress went too far, the states had the right to nullify its acts. The South Carolinians argued that the federal tariff represented just such an overstepping of boundaries because Congress was using the tariff improperly to benefit specific industries rather than to raise revenue. They saw the doctrine of nullification as a way of increasing the power of states to challenge abuses of federal power.
15. How did Andrew Jackson destroy the second Bank of the United States? What were the economic ramifications?
When Andrew Jackson started his second term in office, the charter of the second Bank of the United States was due to expire in 1836; because of Jackson's previous veto of the bank's charter renewal, it was assumed that the bank would die at that point. But Jackson saw his reelection as a mandate to rid the nation of the bank as soon as possible and ordered his secretary of the treasury to withdraw federal deposits from the bank. The money was put into Democrat-controlled banks instead, where, unregulated, it caused the economy to boom. A nervous Jackson then passed the Specie Circular, demanding that land be paid for in hard money. Banks responded by reducing their loans, and this, compounded by international financial problems and weak markets for crops, led to the panic of 1837.
Economically, improved transportation helped fuel the market revolution of the 1820s and 1830s by making it faster and cheaper to transport goods and allowing products to be sold to a wider market. New methods of transportation also facilitated the flow of political information through partisan newspapers, which defined political issues and publicized political personalities. The cheapness of travel had an impact on social life as well, allowing men and women from rural communities access to urban areas, where they sought jobs and goods.
2. What caused the Lynn shoebinders' protests of the 1830s? What did the protestors want, what methods did they use, and why weren't they successful?
In the 1830s, shoe entrepreneurs moved to cut shoebinders' wages as a cost-saving measure. Female shoebinders in the town of Lynn, Massachusetts, joined together to protest the cuts, using churches as meeting sites and religious newspapers to spread news. They drew on their collective sense of themselves as women, arguing that men and women should enjoy equal rights. Nonetheless, the women did not achieve the higher wages they wanted. For one thing, isolated shoebinders in other parts of New England continued to accept low wages; for another, even in Lynn, many shoebinders were uncomfortable with organized protest. They saw their work as part of their familial duties and did not like to think of themselves primarily as paid workers.
3. Why did the panic of 1819 occur?
A number of factors contributed to the panic of 1819. In 1818, the second Bank of the United States became concerned about state banks suspending specie payments. It started to call in its loans and insisted that state banks do the same, taking currency out of circulation. Then Europe underwent a financial crisis, and the overseas price of agricultural products dropped. This meant that when banks called in their loans, debtors involved in the commodities trade could not pay. Because of the complex network of credit and debt relationships, nearly everyone connected to the commercial economy was affected: Thousands of Americans lost their savings and property, and hundreds of thousands of people lost their jobs.
4. In what ways was the presidential campaign of 1828 different from previous races?
The 1828 presidential campaign was the first in which popular votes determined the outcome; in twenty-two out of twenty-four states, voters chose electors committed to a particular candidate. Voter turnout was much higher as well, with more than half of the electorate voting. Although presidential candidates did not campaign directly, their supporters responded to the need to woo voters by attending informal picnics and banquets and giving informal, blunt speeches. Newspapers increasingly and blatantly were partisan, defining issues and publicizing personalities to a greater extent than had been possible in the past. For the first time, presidential campaigns were coordinated in the national arena.
5.What was the "character issue" in the campaign of 1828? How did stories about the candidates mold the election?
In 1828, both Adams's and Jackson's supporters deliberately spread scandalous stories about the opposition. Jackson men characterized Adams as an elitist and a snob and played up the "corrupt bargain" with Henry Clay that supposedly catapulted him into office in 1824. Adams men decried Jackson as an illegitimate, immoral, uncontrolled adulterer. The stories became the real issues in the election, largely because voters believed that character issues conveyed larger questions about morality, honor, and discipline and used them to determine what kind of president each candidate would make; they believed that personal behavior would determine political choices.
6.What was Jackson's presidential agenda? How did he differ from previous presidents?
Once he became president, it became clear that Jackson favored a Jeffersonian style of limited federal government because he feared that intervention in the economy provided some groups with unfair advantages. He did not support federal funding for internal improvements or monopolies. As a proponent of western expansion, he believed that land sales would spread political democracy. But Jackson was willing to exercise full presidential powers over Congress, employing the veto twelve times, whereas all previous presidents combined had used the veto a total of only nine times.
7. What ideas about gender relations circulated in the Jacksonian era? How accurately were these cultural prescriptions carried out?
By the 1830s, husbands were expected to gain their status and authority at work, and wives were expected to find their happiness by devoting themselves to home and family. This doctrine, known as separate spheres, allowed people to adjust to the market revolution: Men displayed market values like selfishness and acquisitiveness, while women maintained older, noncommercial values. However, it did not reflect women's reality. While most married women did not work outside of the home, many contributed to household income by taking in boarders or outwork. Free black wives supplemented the family income as domestic servants and laundresses. Even wealthy married women participated in the market when they hired and supervised servants to do their heavy household tasks. Without a doubt, these new gender ideals were geared more toward white middle and upper-class families.
8. How did education change in the 1820s and 1830s?
The market economy demanded a more educated workforce and new ways of training youth. In response, first northern and later southern states adopted public schooling, which produced boys and girls who could read and do basic arithmetic by the age of twelve or fourteen. Because taxpayers were footing the bill for the new schools, many communities turned to young female teachers who could be paid far less than their male counterparts.
9. How did newspapers evolve between the 1790s and the 1830s?
In the 1790s, there were fewer than ninety American newspapers, each printing a few thousand copies per issue. By the 1830s, steam-driven rotary presses with automatic paper feed devices made much larger print runs both possible and economical, a burgeoning postal system carried papers throughout the nation, and rising literacy rates provided an audience. By the 1830s, there were eight hundred papers, and some cheap "penny papers" gained circulations of ten to twenty thousand copies daily.
10. What was the Second Great Awakening? What did it offer adherents?
The Second Great Awakening was an evangelical religious movement that began in Kentucky in 1801 and peaked in the 1830s. Its basic message was that anybody could achieve salvation by eradicating individual sin and accepting faith in God's grace. By lowering the bar for acceptance to salvation, the movement offered immediate access to spiritual peace. Moreover, it gave comfort to people in areas that were affected by the new social ills created by industrialization and commercialization by offering adherents with market ambitions a message of self-discipline in pursuit of spiritual and social perfection. The Second Great Awakening also expanded women's sphere of influence by demanding an active commitment to spiritual outreach.
11. What was the moral reform movement? Why was it controversial?
The moral reform campaign began as a drive by women to improve public morals generally, but it narrowed to a focus on sexual sin, especially prostitution. In 1833, the New York Female Moral Reform Society formed and began to argue that male sexuality was a threat to society; they published their own paper, the Advocate of Moral Reform, which publicized woman-edited, woman-written, and woman-typeset stories and advice about curbing sin. The women involved in the movement felt that they simply were protecting their homes from bad male behavior. Men in the evangelical movement did not agree, feeling that the women had overstepped the bounds of female propriety.
12. How popular was abolition as a cause in the 1830s? Why were northerners hostile to it?
The movement for the abolition of slavery became organized in 1832 and 1833, with antislavery societies forming in Boston, New York, and Philadelphia. The societies used print media and lecturers to spread their message, and by 1837 there were thirteen hundred antislavery societies in the North with a quarter of a million members. While the rate of growth was impressive, it by no means represented a large proportion of the northern population. Most northerners opposed slavery because they felt that it ran counter to the nation's ideals, or they saw it as a rival to the free-labor system. However, they also were antiblack and therefore antiabolition.
13. What was Andrew Jackson's Indian policy? How was it a departure from previous policy?
President Andrew Jackson wanted to force all Indians living east of the Mississippi River to move to lands west of that boundary. Jackson claimed that this policy benefited Indians. Prolonged contact with whites, Jackson argued, destroyed the Indian way of life and put them on the path to extinction. He thought the best way to protect Indians was to remove them from contact with whites. This seemingly noble rationalization for Indian removal thinly disguised the tremendous profits that Indian land seizure provided to the government and to individual white land owners. Jackson's removal policy broke with the efforts of earlier presidents to assimilate Indians into white Christian culture and to treat Indians tribes as sovereign nations. Jackson refused to recognize Indian sovereignty, nor did he approve of assimilation.
14. Why did South Carolina propose the doctrine of nullification? What problem was it intended to remedy?
South Carolinians suffered a great deal from the 1828 Tariff of Abominations, a federal tariff that set conflicting, very high duties and hurt the state's export market. In response to the imposition of the financially injurious federal policy, South Carolinians headed by John C. Calhoun proposed that the Union was a federation of states that had yielded some but not all power to the federal government. When Congress went too far, the states had the right to nullify its acts. The South Carolinians argued that the federal tariff represented just such an overstepping of boundaries because Congress was using the tariff improperly to benefit specific industries rather than to raise revenue. They saw the doctrine of nullification as a way of increasing the power of states to challenge abuses of federal power.
15. How did Andrew Jackson destroy the second Bank of the United States? What were the economic ramifications?
When Andrew Jackson started his second term in office, the charter of the second Bank of the United States was due to expire in 1836; because of Jackson's previous veto of the bank's charter renewal, it was assumed that the bank would die at that point. But Jackson saw his reelection as a mandate to rid the nation of the bank as soon as possible and ordered his secretary of the treasury to withdraw federal deposits from the bank. The money was put into Democrat-controlled banks instead, where, unregulated, it caused the economy to boom. A nervous Jackson then passed the Specie Circular, demanding that land be paid for in hard money. Banks responded by reducing their loans, and this, compounded by international financial problems and weak markets for crops, led to the panic of 1837.
Practice questions from the textbook site available here and here.\
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More practice questions from different sites:
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History Teacher 1
History Teacher 2
History Teacher 3
Short Answers
The presidential election of 1800 was thrown into the House of Representatives because
Jefferson and Aaron Burr got an equal number of votes.
The presidential election of 1800 demonstrated that
under the new constitutional government, leadership could transfer from one group to another peacefully.
The slave leader Gabriel believed that the Republican governor of Virginia, James Monroe, would be
sympathetic to views of the slaves because of his pro-French politics.
The 1803 Supreme Court decision in Marbury v. Madison was a landmark case because it
established the concept of judicial review.
Under the Embargo Act, American ships were forbidden from engaging in trade with
any foreign port.
The Louisiana Purchase fulfilled Thomas Jefferson's dream of
abundant farmland for future generations.
From 1776 to 1801, American ships secured safe passage off the coast of North Africa by
paying tribute to four Arabic coastal settlements.
The major military actions of the Barbary Wars, including the capture and ransom of the crew of the Philadelphia, occurred in
Tripoli.
The defeat of the Indians at Tippecanoe in 1811 propelled
Tecumseh into an alliance with British military commanders.
Americans into war with England.
The War Hawks into renewed commitment.
According to the War Hawks' Report on the Causes and Reasons for War, the war was necessary because the
British were treating the United States like a third-rate power.
Delegates to the Hartford Convention in December 1814 proposed
amending the Constitution to protect New England's sectional interests.
The social network that brought politicians together and facilitated communication for hiring and promotion included
weekly dinners hosted by Dolley Madison at the presidential residence.
Under the legal doctrine of feme covert, wives had
no independent legal or political personhood.
When state legislatures codified their laws, they generally
passed up the opportunity to change women's unequal status.
Around 1800, the church hierarchy of most Protestant denominations was
exclusively male.
Quaker women who felt a special call were
accorded the status of ministers.
Missouri's admission to statehood was complicated because
of the 10,000 slaves in the territory.
James Tallmadge Jr.'s amendments to the Missouri statehood bill caused controversy because they proposed
gradually emancipating all slaves in Missouri.
The 1824 election was the first presidential contest in which popularity with ordinary voters could be measured because in all but six states
voters voted for the electoral college.
John Quincy Adams's victory in the 1824 election was characterized as a "corrupt bargain" on account of
his appointment of Henry Clay as secretary of state.
Assessment Quiz
In 1816, General Andrew Jackson led American troops in an invasion of Florida in search of ______________ who had been harboring escaped slaves.
Seminole Indians
______________ was the most popular candidate with voters in the 1824 presidential election.
Andrew Jackson
______________ appointed his opponents to his cabinet.
John Quincy Adams
By 1820, every state except ______________ had recognized a limited right to divorce.
South Carolina
Traditionally, ______________ women who felt a spiritual call officially were allowed to lead and speak in religious meetings.
Quaker
After recovering from a fever in 1776, ______________ believed that she was no longer male or female.
Jemima Wilkinson
The November 1811 Battle of ______________ was a complete defeat for Tenskwatawa and was heralded as a glorious victory for Americans.
Tippecanoe
In the South, General Andrew Jackson led 2,500 Tennessee militiamen in a successful attack on Creek Indians at ______________.
Horseshoe Bend
The most concrete result of the ______________ that ended the War of 1812 was an agreement to determine the exact boundary between the United States and Canada.
Treaty of Ghent
In 1800, the land west of the Mississippi River was claimed by ______________.
Spain
After the Chesapeake incident, Jefferson and Madison pushed for a ______________, passed by Congress in December 1807.
nonimportation law
The Barbary Wars occurred off the coast of ______________.
North Africa
Seminole Indians
______________ was the most popular candidate with voters in the 1824 presidential election.
Andrew Jackson
______________ appointed his opponents to his cabinet.
John Quincy Adams
By 1820, every state except ______________ had recognized a limited right to divorce.
South Carolina
Traditionally, ______________ women who felt a spiritual call officially were allowed to lead and speak in religious meetings.
Quaker
After recovering from a fever in 1776, ______________ believed that she was no longer male or female.
Jemima Wilkinson
The November 1811 Battle of ______________ was a complete defeat for Tenskwatawa and was heralded as a glorious victory for Americans.
Tippecanoe
In the South, General Andrew Jackson led 2,500 Tennessee militiamen in a successful attack on Creek Indians at ______________.
Horseshoe Bend
The most concrete result of the ______________ that ended the War of 1812 was an agreement to determine the exact boundary between the United States and Canada.
Treaty of Ghent
In 1800, the land west of the Mississippi River was claimed by ______________.
Spain
After the Chesapeake incident, Jefferson and Madison pushed for a ______________, passed by Congress in December 1807.
nonimportation law
The Barbary Wars occurred off the coast of ______________.
North Africa
_\
AP US History – Questions
Beginnings to Constitution
What were the three main results of the First Continental Congress?
What were the faults and the strengths of the Articles of Confederation?
What were the main events of the Critical Era?
What compromises needed to be made for the Constitution to be successful?
What were the positions of the Federalists and Anti-Federalists?
What were seven precedents established by Washington during his presidency?
How did Hamilton’s economic policies differ from those of Jefferson?
To what extent was did the French Revolution cause dissension in America?
What elements of Adams and Jefferson’s presidencies foreshadowed future conflicts between political parties and geographic regions?
How were the branches of the Federal Government strengthened during Jefferson’s Presidency?
Prior to the 1804 election what problem kept plaguing the presidential election?
How did Jefferson’s interpretation of the role of Vice-President differ significantly from that of Adams’s and that used today?
What programs by John Quincy Adams were doomed to failure? Why?
Beginnings to Constitution
What were the three main results of the First Continental Congress?
What were the faults and the strengths of the Articles of Confederation?
What were the main events of the Critical Era?
What compromises needed to be made for the Constitution to be successful?
What were the positions of the Federalists and Anti-Federalists?
What were seven precedents established by Washington during his presidency?
How did Hamilton’s economic policies differ from those of Jefferson?
To what extent was did the French Revolution cause dissension in America?
What elements of Adams and Jefferson’s presidencies foreshadowed future conflicts between political parties and geographic regions?
How were the branches of the Federal Government strengthened during Jefferson’s Presidency?
Prior to the 1804 election what problem kept plaguing the presidential election?
How did Jefferson’s interpretation of the role of Vice-President differ significantly from that of Adams’s and that used today?
What programs by John Quincy Adams were doomed to failure? Why?
- The purpose of the Olive Branch Petition was to
- rally colonial support for war against Great Britain
- petition the king for redress of economic grievances suffered by the colonies
- ask the king to craft a solution to end the tensions between Great Britain and the colonies
- request formal support of each colony the the formulation of the Second Continental Congress
- ask the king to grant independence to the colonies
(Correct Answer: C. Although the Second Continental Congress began to prepare the colonies for war against Great Britain, the delegates also voted to send this petition to George III, asking him to create harmony between Great Britain and the colonies.) - At the beginning of the Revolutionary War, the British were extremely confident of victory because all of the following reasons except
- they had outstanding generals that would be commanding British forces in the Americas
- there were many loyalists throughout the American colonies
- the Continental Army suffered from poor discipline
- the British had an outstanding navy
- the Continental Army was continually lacking in supplies
(Correct Answer: A. Several of the main generals commanding British troops in the Revolutionary War proved early on to be quite ordinary in tactical and leadership skills.) - All of the following were contained in the Treaty of Paris of 1783 except
- Americans got fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland
- territory west of the Appalachian Mountains was ceded to the Americans
- American independence was recognized by Great Britain
- Quebec and the area immediately surrounding it was ceded to the Americans
- former loyalists in the colonies could retrieve property seized from them during the Revolutionary War
(Correct Answer: D. None of the British territory in Canada was taken from them as a result of the treaty.) - Women were important in the war effort because they
- provided much of the financial backing for the colonial cause
- provided several delegates to the Second Continental Congress
- wrote influential articles in colonial newspapers urging the colonies to resist the British
- provided clothing and blankets for the frozen troops at Valley Forge
- maintained economic stability in the colonies by managing households across the colonies while men were off fighting the British
(Correct Answer: E. Although women assisted the war effort in many ways, they made an important contribution by managing estates and farms while their husbands were serving in the colonial militias or in the Continental Army.) - The weakness of the national government created by the Articles of Confederation was demonstrated by the fact that it was not given the power to
- mediate disputes between states
- raise an army
- conduct foreign relations
- borrow money
- print money
(Correct Answer: B. The national government was not given the power to issue taxes, regulate commerce, or raise an army.)